Cilia are tiny, hair-like structures projecting from the surface of nearly all human cells. These microscopic protrusions are fundamental components of cellular biology, playing diverse roles throughout the รขโ‚ฌยฆ It has been found that patients with biofilm positive infections have impaired cilia function.

Mammalian cells express a variety of cilia to serve diverse sensory and motile functions. All cilia contain a microtubule-based cytoskeleton or axoneme enclosed by membrane (blue).